War and peace
About Celtic times
Celtic hilltop settlement
Located south of Lake Klopein, the Gracarca ridge of hills bears the Slovenian word ‘grad’/‘gradec’ (fortified settlement) in its name. While its slopes were settled from at least the ninth century BCE, it was only during the Celtic era that it truly flourished. The size of the settlement and the high-quality finds of drinking vessels, weapons and horse gear attest to the importance of the place and the wealth of its elite. Finds illustrate advances in farming life (rotating querns), house construction (keys) and horticulture (small harvesting knife). A sumptuously decorated spearhead represents the fine quality of the weapons made here.
War and peace
Weapons consecrated to the gods were both sacred objects and war trophies. They stand for the warlike aspect of Celtic life, something that is also reflected in the emerging coinage: as mercenaries, Celtic warriors travelled widely and brought back foreign money to their native regions, where they subsequently began to mint their own coinage.
Weapons for the gods
Weapons consecrated to the gods were both sacred objects and war trophies. They stand for the warlike aspect of Celtic life, something that is also reflected in the emerging coinage: as mercenaries, Celtic warriors travelled widely and brought back foreign money to their native regions, where they subsequently began to mint their own coinage.
Looters and archaeologists
Using metal detectors, spades and detailed maps, illicit excavators search for treasures from the past but in doing so mostly destroy the overall find context, without which advances in archaeological knowledge are almost impossible. Subsequent excavations at the Förker Laas-Riegel have nevertheless shown that the site was settled as far back as the early Iron Age (9th–6th century BCE) and in later Celtic times (2nd–1st century BCE). Household items such as an early clay ‘hotplate’ or a later cooking pot that had been tempered with graphite for improved conductivity attest to the technological capabilities of the time.
Gail Valley trading hub
The Gurina settlement in the upper Gail Valley lay on one of the major ancient trade routes from Italy leading to the salt trading centres in Hallstatt and Dürrnberg near Hallein and from there on to the Danube. While the settlement already existed by the ninth century BCE, it only started to flourish under Roman influence. Around the middle of the first century BCE a base for traders was established which by 16 BCE had been transformed into a fortified settlement with stone houses and a large two-storey building that was probably the administrative centre. Soon after the settlement was destroyed by an earthquake a temple was erected on the topmost summit of the Gurina, probably consecrated to Hercules as the god of travel and wayfarers.
Roman sphere of influence
In the period from 40-30 BCE a settlement on the Roman model was built on the slopes of the Magdalensberg. It was essentially concentrated around a long rectangular marketplace or forum lined on all four sides with tabernae (stalls where objects were produced and sold). There were also a basilica (a communal assembly building and commercial exchange) and public baths. This ‘forum Iulium in regno Norico’ or ‘Forum Iulium Noricum’ was thus a trading centre established by Rome outside the mother country of Italy in order to promote trade with local products, above all Noric iron and gold from the High Tauern, as well as Italic imports.
Gold for the emperor?
In the Roman settlement on the Magdalensberg two moulds made from local Kraig marble with inscriptions were uncovered reading (aurum) C(aii) Caesaris Aug(usti) Germanici imp(eratoris) ex Noric(is metallis); (‘Gold of Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the Emperor, from the Noric mines’). Scientific analysis suggests that they were used for casting gold ingots.
Restless demigod
An ancient bronze statuette of Hercules from the Magdalensberg shows the demigod in upright pose with the skin of the Nemean lion he had vanquished. His restless wanderings made him a guardian of wayfarers and helper in need on mountain passes, and it is probably as such that he was venerated by the traders and merchants on the Magdalensberg. The foundation myth of the Roman city of Virunum in the valley below recounts that a man sent by god (Lat. ‘vir unus’) saved the local population from the depredations of a vicious boar. It is possible that the inhabitants of the Magdalensberg also associated Hercules with this heroic exploit.
Minted money
Under the influence of the Mediterranean civilizations, around the middle of the second century BCE the Celts of the eastern Alpine region also began to mint their own coins. Two separate coinages can be distinguished: West Norican (Noricans) and East Norican (Tauriscans). Both groups show a beardless male head with a laurel wreath (‘head of Apollo’) on the obverse, and a rider or horse on the reverse. The issuing authorities were probably individual Celtic princes who had the requisite silver at their disposal. These coins were not yet used as a means of payment in everyday life, but were more likely to have served as propaganda and been used for hoarding capital and for international transactions.